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Glossary of Perimeter Security Terms
Abatement - The process of reducing or minimizing public health dangers and nuisances, usually supported by regulation or legislation, e.g., noise abatement, smoke abatement. Access Control - A method of restricting the movement of persons into or within a protected area by manual (guards), hardware (locks and keys), or software (electronic card or biometric readers) or any combination of barriers, gates, electronic security equipment, and/or guards that can deny entry to unauthorized personnel or vehicles. See Biometric Readers, Controlled Perimeters, Perimeter Defenses. Access Control Point - A station at an entrance to a building or a portion of a building where identification is checked and people and hand-carried items are searched. See Access Control, Access Controls. Access Control System - Also referred to as an electronic entry control system; an electronic system that controls entry and egress from a building or area. Access Controls - Procedures and controls that limit or detect access to minimum essential infrastructure resource elements (people, technology, applications, data and/or facilities), thereby protecting these resources against loss of integrity, confidentiality accountability and/or availability. Access Road - Any roadway such as a maintenance, delivery, service, emergency or other special limited use road that is necessary for the operation of a building or structure. Accident - An unanticipated event, commonly leading to injury, in traffic, the workplace, or a domestic or recreational setting. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the risk of accidents is often predictable; they are therefore preventable. Actinide - Are radioactive elements with an atomic number larger than 88. Active Barriers - Materials or systems, which must be command or sensor activated to prevent or impede unauthorized passage. See Anti-Ram Vehicle Barriers, Passive Barriers. Active Vehicle Barrier - An impediment placed at an access control point which may be manually or automatically deployed in response to detection of a threat. See Active Barriers. Advanced Life Support (ALS) - Medical procedures performed by emergency medical technicians-paramedics that include the advanced diagnosis and protocol-driven treatment of a patient in the field. See Emergency Medical Technician-Paramedic. Advanced Operations Base (AOB) - (DOD) In special operations, a small temporary base established near or within a joint special operations area to command, control, and/or support training or tactical operations. Facilities are normally austere. The base may be ashore or afloat. If ashore, it may include an airfield or unimproved airstrip, a pier, or an anchorage. An advanced operations base is normally controlled and/or supported by a main operations base or a forward operations base. Also referred to by its acronym - AOB. See Forward Operations Base. Agency - An agency is a division of government with a specific function or non-governmental organization (e.g., private contractor, business, etc.) that offers a particular kind of assistance. Agencies are often defined as jurisdictional (having statutory responsibility for incident mitigation) or assisting and/or cooperating (providing resources and/or assistance). Aggressor - Any person seeking to compromise a function or structure. Air Blast Injury - Military and civilian personnel can be picked up and thrown by a blast. They receive their injuries upon landing. The extent of the injuries will depend upon the velocity of the body's movement, the nature of the object with which the body collides, and the nature of impact, whether glancing or solid. See Blast, Blast Wave, Shock Wave. Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency (AFCESA) - The Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency traces its history back to 1966. In that year, the demands of newly-formed civil engineering mobility forces, Prime Base Engineer Emergency Force (BEEF) and Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron, Engineer (RED HORSE), led to the formation of the Civil Engineering Construction Operations Group (CECOG) at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. The new organization was a field extension of the Directorate of Civil Engineering, HQ USAF. CECOG's 50 personnel were given responsibility for monitoring, coordinating, and reporting Prime BEEF and RED HORSE activities, particularly in the area of civil engineering equipment. Today, AFCESA, a field operating agency, provides products and services in seven major product areas: readiness; training; vehicles and equipment; management practices; automation support; Engineering Support; and research, development and acquisition. The agency has five directorates: Operations Support, Engineering Support, Contingency Support; and Civil Engineer Maintenance, Inspection and Repair Team - CEMIRT - Field Support. The Business Operations Staff rounds out the team. See Prime BEEF, RED HORSE. Airblast - An airborne shock wave resulting from the detonation of explosives. See Blast, Blast Wave, Shock Wave. Airborne - Carried by or through the air. Airburst - A warhead or shell set to explode above the ground to maximize the area of effect. See Explosion. AK 47 / AK 74 - Avtomat Klashnikova, or Automatic Kalashnikov. The most widely used automatic rifle line in the world, Russian-designed. Alarm Procedure - A means of alerting concerned parties to a disaster. Various optical and acoustical means of alarm are available, including flags, lights, sirens, radio, and telephone. See Disaster. Ambulance Service Providers - Individuals, groups of individuals, corporations, partnerships, associates, trusts, joint ventures, units of local government, or other public or private ownership entities that own and operate a business or service using one or more ambulances or EMS vehicles. See Emergency Medical Technician, Emergency Medical Technician-Paramedic, Emergency Medicine. American Red Cross - A humanitarian organization, led by volunteers, that provides relief to victims of disasters and helps people prevent, prepare for, and respond to emergencies. It does this through services that are consistent with its Congressional Charter and the Principles of the International Red Cross Movement. See Disaster, Emergency, FEMA, Manmade Disaster, Natural Disaster. Ammonium Nitrate Satchel Charge - A mixture of ammonium-nitrate fertilizer and melted wax . Ammunition Storage Unit (ASU) - All types of explosives storage magazines including outdoor or indoor, open storage areas, sheds, bunkers, and earth-covered and above-ground magazines. ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate-Fuel Oil) - A powerful explosive created by mixing fertilizer and fuel oil together. ANFO bombs were used in the Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing and the first World Trade Center attack as well as other terrorist attacks around the world. See Bomb, Explosion, Explosives, Fertilizer Bomb. Antiballistic Missile - Missile used specifically for intercepting ballistic missiles. Antipersonnel Mine - A mine designed to kill and incapacitate infantry from an opposing army. See Claymore Mine, Mine. Anti-Ram Vehicle Barrier - A device or barrier that prevents vehicle access for pedestrian protection and building security. Vehicle barriers are considered either passive barriers, which are stationary (e.g., fixed bollards, concrete walls, planters, berms), or active barriers, which can typically be retracted or moved out of the way to allow passage (such as retractable bollards, crash beams, and rotating plates). Passive barriers are used to create perimeter or edge protection; active barriers are applicable to roadways, driveways, or entry control points and are lowered or raised to prevent passage. See Active Barriers, Barriers, Bollard, Corrugated Metal Revetment, Passive Barriers, Perimeter Defenses. Anti-Terrorist - Military, Intelligence and Security defensive measures intended to reduce the threat of, or vulnerability to, terrorist acts on individuals and property. Could involve the military, police, or security forces. Antiterrorism - Military, Intelligence and Security defensive measures intended to reduce the threat of, or vulnerability to, terrorist acts on individuals and property. Can involve the army, police or security forces. See Antiterrorism Equipment, Antiterrorism Training, Terrorism. Antiterrorism Equipment - Security equipment specifically identified for use by forces in combating potential terrorist actions. See Antiterrorism Training, Terrorism. Antiterrorism Training - Antiterrorism awareness training for Government employees and operational training for security personnel. See Antiterrorism Equipment, Terrorism. APHE - Abbreviation for Armor-Piercing High Explosive (ammunition). See Armor. API - Abbreviation for Armor-Piercing Incendiary (ammunition). See Armor. Apron - a defined area on an airfield intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading military or civilian passengers or cargo, refueling, parking, or maintenance. Area Command - An organization established to 1) oversee the management of multiple incidents that are each being handled by an Incident Command System organization or 2) to oversee the management of a very large incident that has multiple Incident management Teams assigned to it. Area Command has the responsibility to see overall strategy and priorities, allocate critical resources based on priorities, ensure that incidents are properly managed, and ensure that objectives are met and strategies followed. Area Lighting - Lighting which illuminates a large exterior area. ARMCO Steel Bin Revetments - Revetment barriers constructed of Armco steel "bins" filled with compacted earth and erected in 10-foot long sections. The Armco Steel Bin Revetment was made out of 16 gauge steel stringers bolted to steel columns to form a revetment barrier with walls 5-1/2 feet thick and 12 feet high. Viet Nam Era standard revetment “kits” included enough material to construct 240 linear feet of revetment and required 8,420 tons of compacted fill material. See A-1 Revetment, B-1 Revetment, Earth-filled, Steel Bin-Type Barricades, Metalith, Revetment. ARMCO Type A Revetment - An earth-filled, steel bin constructed barricade which had to be a minimum of 7 feet [2.1 m] thick. See A-1 Revetment, B-1 Revetment, Corrugated Metal Revetment, Earth-filled, Steel Bin-Type Barricades, Metalith, Revetment. ARMCO Type B Revetment - An earth-filled, steel bin constructed barricade which had to be a minimum of 5.25 feet [1.6 m] thick. See A-1 Revetment, B-1 Revetment, Earth-filled, Steel Bin-Type Barricades, Metalith, Revetment. Armor - A covering for the body or military equipment for combat. See APHE, API. Armored Fighting Vehicles - An armored vehicle which protects the crew and passengers from shrapnel and small arms fire, whilst carrying machine guns, cannon and guided missiles to attack enemy vehicles and infantry with. Examples include tanks and Infantry Fighting Vehicles (IFVs). See Infantry Fighting Vehicles and Tank. Armored Personnel Carrier (APC) - A tracked or wheeled light armored vehicle, designed to carry infantry and protect them from small arms fire and shrapnel. Usually armed with machine guns, many APCs have a modular design enabling variants to be created for a wide range of missions such as army ambulance, command vehicle, antitank weapon carrier, air defense and many more. See Infantry Fighting Vehicles. Artillery - Large-caliber weapons, such as mortars, cannons, howitzers, missile and rocket launchers, that are designed to fire indirectly at targets spotted by other forces, such as armored vehicles, infantry, and buildings. See Armored Fighting Vehicles, Armored Personnel Carrier, Mortar. Asset - A resource of value requiring protection. An asset can be tangible such as people, buildings, facilities, equipment, activities, operations, and information; or intangible, such as processes or a company's information and reputation. Asset Value - The degree of debilitating impact that would be caused by the incapacity or destruction of an asset. Asset Protection - Security program designed to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment, in all locations and situations, accomplished through planned and integrated application of combating terrorism, physical security, operations security, personal protective services, and supported by intelligence, counterintelligence, and other security programs. Assets - Any potential target of terrorist attack, most commonly people, equipment, a building, or an outdoor venue (in whole or in part). Asymmetric Threat - The use of crude or low-tech methods to attack a superior or high-tech enemy. Attenuation - the difference between the measurement of a blast wave on the outside and inside of a barrier. Decrease in intensity of a signal, beam, or wave as a result of absorption of energy and of scattering out of the path of a detector, but not including the reduction due to geometric spreading, i.e., the inverse square of distance effect. Also t he absorption of infrared wavelengths due to carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone reducing the effectiveness and range of laser & IR guided weapons. See A-1 Revetment, B-1 Revetment, Blast Wave, Revetment, Shock Wave. Automated Entry Control Systems/Equipment - Equipment used to automate all or portions of the entry control process, including identification of candidates for entry, determination of their authority to enter the area, and operation of entry control barriers. See Access Control. Auxiliary Storage Facility - Small facilities used to store working stocks of supplies and equipment (e.g. benchstock, packing materials, dunnage, etc.) in support of an explosives location. Facilities must be sited as ware houses if they are used to store inert munitions components which are part of the accountable munitions stockpile. Axis of Evil - Iran, Iraq, and North Korea as mentioned by President G.W. Bush during his State of the Union speech in 2002 as nations that were a threat to U.S. security due to harboring terrorism. See Bush Doctrine.
Ballistics Breach - A breaching method that requires the use of a weapon firing a projectile at the breach point. See Explosive Breach, Mechanical Breach. Ballistic Missile - Rocket-powered guided delivery instrument for use against ground targets. Due to the fact that that they are difficult to deter, these missiles are the optimal delivery systems for weapons of mass destruction. A large part of its flight is a freefall (or ballistic) trajectory. Ballistic Protection - Techniques for the protection of personnel (and materiel) against projectiles of all kinds, such as protective blankets for vehicles or a deminer's protective gear (jackets, helmets, trousers etc). Protection from projectiles, often referred to for protection against sniper or small arms ammunition but in demining terms is used for protection against fragmentation and blast. See Body Armor, Kevlar. Ballistics - The science of the motion of projectiles; the comparison of marks and striations from two different bullets or casings to determine whether they were fired from the same weapon; a branch of applied physics which deals with the motion of projectiles. See Bullet, Casings. Ballistics Attack - Attack in which small arms (such as pistols, submachine guns, shotguns, and rifles) are fired from a distance and rely on the flight of the projectile to damage the target. Ballistics Tactic - The aggressor fires various small arms, such as pistols, submachine guns, shotguns, and rifles, from a distance. The aggressor's goals are to injure or kill facility occupants or to damage or destroy assets. See Assets. Bangalore Torpedo - A dynamite-filled length of pipe detonated by a blasting cap or a fuse. See Blasting Cap, Fuse. Barbed Tape or Concertina - A coiled tape or coil of wires with wire barbs or blades deployed as an obstacle to human trespass or entry into an area. Barbed Wire - A double strand of wire with four-point barbs equally spaced along the wire deployed as an obstacle to human trespass or entry into an area. Barometric Bomb - A bomb triggered by a change in air (barometric) pressure . See Bomb, Car Bomb, Moving Vehicle Bomb. Barracks - The dedicated living quarters for a group of soldiers. Barrage Fire - Weapon fire that is designed to attack an area and destroy targets within it, rather than aimed at a specific target. Barricade - An intervening barrier (natural or artificial) of such type, size, and construction as to limit the effects of low angle high velocity fragments. See Barrier, Bollard, A-1 Revetment, B-1 Revetment, Passive Barriers. Barrier - Any object used to stop the movement of vehicles. See Anti-Ram Vehicle Barrier. Barrier Material - Any material such as visqueen, plastic sheeting, foam angles, or even foam sealants that can be used to seal the corners of a steel revetment construction. See A-1 Revetment, B-1 Revetment, Revetments. Base - The location at which primary logistics functions for an incident are coordinated and administered. There is only one Base per incident (Incident name or other designator will be added to the term Base). The Incident Command Post may be collocated with the Base. Basic Life Support - An emergency procedure consisting of the recognition of respiratory and/or cardiac arrest and the proper application of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to maintain life until a victim recovers or advanced life support assistance is available. Bee - A cherry bomb with tacks glued to the outside. Berm - On a structure, a nearly horizontal area, often built to support or key-in an armor layer. A linear mound or series of mounds of sand and/or gravel. Beveled Wound - A wound that results when the skin is penetrated at an angle. One margin of the wound is beveled and the other margin overhangs it. A residue track may be visible. Also called tangential gunshot wound. Billeting - Any building or portion of a building in which 11 or more unaccompanied DoD personnel are routinely housed, including Temporary Lodging Facilities and military family housing permanently converted to unaccompanied housing. Billeting also applies to expeditionary and temporary structures with similar population densities and functions. See DoD Building, DoD Personnel. Binary Explosive - An explosive prepared by mixing 2 non-explosive materials which when combined form a cap-sensitive explosive. See Explosive. Biometric - A security identification system which measures a physical feature (such as hand geometry, retinal scanning, fingerprints, facial or vocal feature), translates it into a digital form, and then compares it with the values found in the approved database. See Access Control, Biometric Reader. Biometric Reader - An electronic device that uses the physical characteristics (hand geometry, eye patterns, fingerprint, voice, etc.) of the enrollee to determine authorization to enter. See Access Control. Black Gunpowder - An explosive mixture consisting of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal. The explosive quality of gunpowder derives from its ability to burn rapidly in the absence of air and that in the process of burning liberates large volumes of gas. Black powder is called a low explosive, i.e., the rate at which the explosive travels is never more than 1200 feet per second. See Explosive, Low Order Explosive. Black Intelligence - Information obtained through espionage. Black List - A counterintelligence agency listing of actual or potential hostile collaborators, sympathizers, or other persons viewed as threatening to friendly military forces; in business, a black list is a list of persons to be denied employment or to be punished in some other manner, or a list of vendors or suppliers to be avoided. Blast - The brief and rapid movement of air, vapor or fluid away from a center of outward pressure, as in an explosion or in the combustion of rocket fuel; the pressure accompanying this movement. This term is commonly used for "explosion," but the two terms may be distinguished. See Blast Effect, Blast Wave, Shock Wave. Blast Barriers - Barrier used near the bomb or facility and can attenuate blast in their "shadow" to levels acceptable for hardened structures. See Attenuation, Blast, Barrier, Hardened, Revetment. Blast Containment - Containing an explosive force so the blast wave and fragmentation materials are contained within a border made by barriers, walls, revetments, or other materials or objects. See Blast, Blast Overpressure, Blast Wave, Explosion, Shock Wave. Blast Curtains - Heavy curtains made of blast resistant materials that could protect the occupants of a room from flying debris. See Barriers, Barricade. Blast Effect - Destruction of or damage to personnel, vehicles or structures from an explosive force by a weapon designed to explode on contact with or above the ground. The strength of the shock at a given distance from the explosion is a function of the type explosive, and the distance from the point of detonation. Blast effect may be contrasted with the cratering and ground-shock effects of a projectile or charge that goes off beneath the surface. See Blast Wave, Detonation, Explosion, Explosive. Blast Fragmentation - Explosive charge which creates a large amount of shrapnel. Blast Impulse - The product of the overpressure from the blast wave of an explosion and the time during which it acts at a given point (that is, the area under the positive phase of the overpressure versus time curve.) See Attenuation, Blast, Blast Overpressure, Blast Wave, Explosion, Shock Wave. Blast Mitigation - Various physical measures that can be used to lessen the damage of a blast wave on critical assets. These measures include, but are not limited to, blast walls, blast barriers, standoff distance, and structural hardening. See Blast Wave, Blast Mitigation Action Group, Blast Mitigation Products. Blast Mitigation Action Group (BMAG) - A group tasked with determining whether "Commercial Off The Shelf" (COTS) technologies can be used as blast mitigation products. Current categories include 1: Energy absorbing materials (placed on the blast side of the wall), 2: Strengthening materials and debris catchers (placed on the rear of the wall), 3: Techniques to strengthen the interior of the wall, and 4: Blast barrier walls. See Blast Wave, Blast Mitigation Products, Corrugated Metal Revetment, COTS, TSWG. Blast Mitigation Products - A group of physical products designed to protect military and civilian personnel from the effects of a nearby explosion. Products that fall into this category include windows, doors, walls, roofs, and barriers and barricades such as revetments. See Blast Mitigation Action Group, COTS, TSWG. Blast Overpressure - The pressure, exceeding the ambient pressure, manifested in the shock wave of an explosion. See Attenuation, Blast Wave, Shock Wave. Blast Vulnerability Envelope - The geographical area in which an explosive device will cause damage to assets. Blast Wave (DOD) - A sharply defined wave of increased pressure rapidly propagated through a surrounding medium from a center of detonation or similar disturbance. A sharp jump in pressure is known as a shock wave and a slow rise is known as a compression wave. Weak pressure waves propagate with the speed of sound and shock waves always travel supersonically, faster than the speed of sound. An explosion produces a blast wave because the explosive event displaces the surrounding air rapidly. Blast waves move air away from the point of detonation at velocities that reach up to 1,100 feet per second and pressure up to 1.5 million pounds per square inch. In an explosion, more damage is done by blast than by any other effect. See Blast, Explosion, Shock Wave. Blast-Resistant Glazing - Window opening glazing that is resistant to blast effects because of the interrelated function of the frame and glazing material properties frequently dependent upon tempered glass, polycarbonate, or laminated glazing. Blast-Wall - A generic term which can refer to either thick concrete walls, sandbag walls, earth mounds, metal revetments, and, more rarely, trenches (in this case the surrounding ground is used as a natural barrier). See A-1 Revetment, B-1 Revetment, Revetment, Hesco Bastion. Blasting Agent - A material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used for blasting, but not classified as a high explosive, in which none of the ingredients are classified as an explosive. The finished product is not cap-sensitive. See Explosive. Blasting Cap - A metallic tube closed at one end, containing a charge of one or more detonating compounds, and designed to initiate detonation. Commonly referred to as detoners, they contain primary explosives. May be either electrically or nonelectrically fired. Blasting caps are extremely sensitive and will explode unless handled carefully. See Detonators. Block Demolition Charge - Prepackaged, high-explosive charges for general demolition operations, such as cutting, breaching, and cratering; composed of high-explosive TNT, tetrytol, Composition-C series, and ammonium nitrate. Blockhouse - A small fortified work consisting of one or more rooms fitted with loopholes in its sides to permit defensive fire in various directions. Bodily Harm - Touching of the person of another against his will with physical force, in an intentional, hostile, and aggressive manner, or a projecting of such force against his person. Body Armor - Protective gear worn by security, police, and military in order to withstand gunfire, sharp objects such as knives, or shrapnel; usually made of special materials such as Kevlar, Supplex or CoolMax. Also called bulletproof vests. See Bullet Resistant Vest, Kevlar. Bollard - A bollard is any object that is used to confine traffic within or from a given area. They are vertical members made of wood, steel or concrete which are permanently placed. See Barrier, Anti-Ram Vehicle Barrier, Passive Barriers. Bomb - A device that explodes with great force fused to denote under specific conditions. See Explosion, Car Bomb, Moving Vehicle Bomb. Bomb Disposal Unit - A team of experts trained in defusing, rendering harmless, and disposing of unexploded bombs, explosives, and similar dangerous materials or devices. In some departments, the bomb disposal unit is responsible for escorting and coordinating protection for especially hazardous materials such as radioactive products. See Bomb, Explosive. Bomb Examinations - Crime lab analyses of bombs and bomb debris. Timing mechanisms can often be identified as to type, manufacturer, and model; determinations are sometimes possible as to the time displayed by the mechanism when the explosive detonated and as to the relative length of time the mechanism was functioning prior to the explosion. Examination of nonfunctioning watches, clocks, timers, and other mechanisms can be revealing as to the condition responsible for causing the mechanism to stop or malfunction, and whether the time displayed by a timing mechanism represents a.m. or p.m. See Bomb, Detonation, Detonators. Bomb Sniffer - A dog trained to detect the presence of bombs; any mechanical, chemical, or electronic device used for the detection of bombs. Bombing Incident - The detonation or attempted detonation of an explosive or incendiary device for a criminal purpose, or with willful disregard of the risk to the person or property of another. Bombing incidents include those instances of arson committed or attempted by means of an explosive or incendiary device. By general understanding, they do not include hoaxes or threats involving fake bombs. Most penal codes do not systematically separate bomb offenses from other crimes. In criminal proceedings, the offense charged will usually be determined by the criminal purpose, for example, murder, extortion, or arson. See Bomb. Bombproof - A heavily built shelter, either a separate structure or a room within a battery that can withstand the effects of bombardment. Booby Trap - A disguised explosive device intended to cause human injury. See Explosive. Booster - An explosive chemical compound used for priming or intensifying an explosion. Bootleg Turn - A pursuit driving tactic for rapidly reversing direction of travel. It is executed by a rapid stop with the nose of the vehicle pointed to the right, followed by a backup maneuver with the steering wheel turned full left so that the nose of the vehicle faces in the opposite direction. So called because of its use by bootleggers when attempting to escape pursuit by the police. Boundary Penetration Sensors - Interior intrusion detection sensors which detect an attempt by individuals to penetrate or enter a building. Braking Distance - The distance through which brakes are applied to slow a vehicle; the shortest distance in which a particular vehicle can be stopped from a specified speed on a particular surface; the distance from application of brakes to collision. See Anti-Ram Vehicle Barrier. Breach - A gap blown open in the walls of a fortress by a mine or artillery fire. Also, a break in a system's security that results in admittance of a person or program. Breach Of Peace - A violation of the public order, such as a riot, an unlawful assembly, or an illegal demonstration. To constitute a breach of the peace, the act must be public in character and such as to actually tend to disturb the public peace and quiet. A private annoyance, however exasperating or reprehensible, is not a breach of the peace. Breaching charges - Charges used to destroy concrete-slab bridges, bridge beams, bridge piers, bridge abutments, and permanent field fortifications. Break Alarm - An alarm signal produced by opening or breaking an electrical circuit. This type of alarm is also called an open circuit alarm. Breech Block - The solid mass of metal behind the bore of a gun. Its principal function is to sustain the shock of the explosion. All small sporting and military arms are breech loaders. The breech block is often finished by hand and, as a consequence, some of the filing marks remain on the face of the block. When a bullet is discharged, the force of the explosion causes a backward reaction of the shell, pressing the base of the shell against the breech block. In the process, the shell picks up indentations that can be used to identify the weapon that fired the bullet. See Bullet. Breaching Method - There are three breaching methods commonly used by assault forces: explosive, ballistic, and mechanical. See Ballistics Breach, Explosive Breach, Mechanical Breach. Brisance - The shattering effect of an explosive. The higher the velocity of an explosive, the more brisant it is said to be. See Blast Wave, Shock Wave. Building Construction Countermeasures - Defensive measures associated directly with building interior and exterior surface features used as defensive measures or with which defensive measures are directly associated. Building Hardening - Enhanced conventional construction that mitigates threat hazards where standoff distance is limited. Building hardening may also be considered to include the prohibition of certain building materials and construction techniques. See Hardening, Hardened. Building Separation - The distance between closest points on the exterior walls of adjacent buildings or structures. Bullet - The projectile expelled from a gun. It is not synonymous with cartridge. Bullets can be of many materials, shapes, weights and constructions such as solid lead, lead with a jacket of harder metal, round-nosed, flat-nosed, hollow-pointed, etc. See Bullet Entrance Wound, Bullet Exit Wound. Bullet Entrance Wound - In gunshot cases, a neat, round hole made by a bullet entering the body. See Bullet, Bullet Exit Wound. Bullet Exit Wound - Typically a ragged or torn hole made by a bullet leaving the body and is usually much larger than the size of the bullet. See Bullet, Bullet Entrance Wound. Bullet Identification - A function performed in the crime laboratory by a firearms examiner who seeks to match bullets with the firearms that fired them. The process of bullet identification is based on the fact that a bullet is slightly larger in diameter than the bore through which the bullet passes. See Bullet. Bullet-Resistant Glass - Specially designed glass designed to stop the penetration by bullets from medium to high power arms. See Bullet. Bullet-Resistant Glazing - Glass consisting of two or more plates bonded with plastic interlayers, generally resistive to penetration by bullets from medium to high power arms. See Bullet. Bullet-Resistant Vest - Protective body vest worn by military and civilian law enforcement personnel to protect them against body piercing rounds. Also called a bulletproof vest. See Kevlar. Bunker - A fortified structure, but primarily a buried or semi-buried structure, offering a high degree of protection to personnel, defended gun positions, or a defensive position, from enemy attack. Buried Sensor - A sensor that detects perimeter intrusion. It is activated when hydraulic pressure in a tube buried near the surface changes as a result of an individual or vehicle passing over the protected area. See Perimeter Security. Burning Grenade - A pyrotechnic grenade which upon ignition releases an opaque cloud of vaporized chemical agent. The release time may last for several minutes while the grenade continues to burn. See Grenade. Bursting Grenade - A riot-control grenade that releases upon delivery and ignition a relatively small but highly concentrated cloud of chemical agent. The instantaneous release renders the grenade ineffective if it is thrown back. Also called an Expulsion Grenade. Bush Doctrine - The policy that holds responsible nations which harbor or support terrorist organizations and says that such countries are considered hostile to the United States. From President Bush's speech: "A country that harbors terrorists will either deliver the terrorists or share in their fate. ... People have to choose sides. They are either with the terrorists, or they're with us." See Axis of Evil. Buttress Lock - A lock that secures a door by wedging a bar between the door and the floor. Some incorporate a moveable steel rod, which fits into metal receiving slots on the door and in the floor. This type of lock is also called a police bolt or police brace. BWC - The Biological Weapons Convention prohibits developing, producing, and stockpiling bacteriological and toxin weapons. Countries must destroy, or divert to peaceful purposes, (not later than nine months after the entry into force of the convention) all agents, toxins, weapons, equipment, and means of delivery. Signed on April 10, 1972, and entered into force on March 26, 1975. Membership includes 124 states. The Treaty is of unlimited duration. See Weapons of Mass Destruction.
C4 - Stands for Compound 4. A military plastic/moldable high explosive. A military grade plastic explosive equivalent to 118% of TNT. A rubbery, fully plasticised mass, which can be kneaded and formed into any shape. It is insensitive to impact and friction and was often burned to heat food and water. It has a detonation rate of 26,400 fps and requires detonation cord (Det Cord), primers or blasting caps to set it off. See Plastic Explosive. Caliber - The diameter of a projectile or the diameter of the bore of a gun or launching tube. Caliber is usually expressed in millimeters or inches. In some instances (primarily with naval ordnance), caliber is also used as a measure of the length of a weapon's barrel. For example, the term "5 inch 38 caliber" describes a munition used in a 5-inch gun with a barrel length that is 38 times the diameter of the bore. See Projectile. Camouflage - The disguising of military equipment or installations with paint, nets, or foliage. Capping - Putting a top over an exposed revetment construction. This action eliminates erosion, mitigates any potential fog problems, and keeps water from seeping through the revetment. Several materials can be used to cap a revetment including soil cement, concrete, steel sheets, plastic and canvas. See A-1 Revetment, B-1 Revetment, Revetments. Car Bomb - An automobile used as a weapon by detonation of bombs. See Anti-Ram Vehicle Barrier, Blast, Blast Mitigation, Bomb, Revetment. Card Reader - An electronic device used to read information encoded on various types of media represented by badge technologies (magnetic stripe, capacitance, proximity, Wiegand-effect, etc.) See Access Control. Casing - The fabricated outer part of a munition designed to hold an explosive charge and the mechanism required to fire this charge. Casualty - Any person suffering physical and/or psychological damage that leads to death, injury, or material loss. See Casualty Clearing Station. Casualty Clearing Station - A collecting point for victims that is located in the immediate vicinity of a disaster site where triage and medical treatment can be provided. See Casualty. CBIED - Abbreviation for Chemical Biological Improvised Explosive Device. Cell - The smallest unit within a guerrilla or terrorist group. A cell generally consists of two to five people dedicated to a terrorist cause. The formation of cells is born of the concept that an apparent "leaderless resistance" makes it hard for counterterrorists to penetrate. See Terrorist Group. Central Holding Area - A location where ambulances leave to pick patients up from the casualty clearing station, or deliver patients to neighboring hospitals according to a victim distribution plan. See Casualty, Casualty Clearing Station. Central Station - Facility or area usually manned by security personnel and designed to accept all signals from the organization's intrusion detection systems, access control, assessment (CCTV) and security forces to determine threat and issue an appropriate response. See Access Control. Chain of Command - A series of management positions in order of authority. Challenge - To engage or contest the presence of an individual and demand proper identification or authorization. Charge Weight - The amount of explosive charge in kilograms. Checkpoint (CP) or (CHP) - A "checkpoint" can be 3 things: (1) predetermined point along a route of march where troops or convoys on the move 'check in' in person at a manned 'control post' and are given further instructions on the route ahead (synonym of "control post" or "control point"). (2) Predetermined position along a route where foot, vehicle (or sometimes air) patrols call in their coordinates to headquarters on the radio net, and report on their progress and fulfillment of their mission (synonym of "report point" or "report line"); (3) (the most frequent in a PKO context) a permanent or temporary, self contained, post, e.g. at an entry point to a BZ, where troops or MPs stop vehicular and pedestrian traffic (including civilian) to check documents, frisk passengers, search cars etc., in order to stop the smuggling of arms, ammunition and explosives; checkpoints can be static ('fixes') or mobile ('mobiles'); if they are 'closed checkpoints, they are called road blocks. Claymore Mine - Antipersonnel mine used for area protection: e.g. used by foot patrols as perimeter defense overnight. See Mine. Clear Zone - An area that is clear of visual obstructions and landscape materials that could conceal a threat or perpetrator. The area surrounding a potential explosion site which is determined by the required inhabited building separation. The inhabited building separation will be based on the sited, waivered, exempted, or actual explosives limits of the potential explosion site, whichever is greatest. Close Quarters Battle (CQB) - The general term to describe any firearms combat in physically restrictive surroundings, such as inside buildings. Typically CQB engagements will happen at less than fifteen yards, usually much less. See FAST Company. Cluster Bomb or Cluster Bomb Unit (CBU) - An aircraft store (a thin-walled canister) containing and dispersing submunitions, which can be (anti-personnel or anti-tank) mines, penetration (runway cratering) bomblets, fragmentation bomblets etc.; a burster charge splits open the canister after release to disperse the bomblets over a wide area; some submunitions are fitted with delay or pressure fuzes, to act as mines (called "minelets"); the CBU itself however should not be confused with a fragmentation bomb see also: munition dispenser. See Bomb, Fragmentation. Collapse Time - The time between the impact of a blast wave or explosion and the time until the structure, barrier, wall, etc. takes to fall to the ground. Collateral Damage - Injury to personnel or damage to building that are not the primary target of attack. Unintended damages, beyond the destruction of the enemy forces or installations specifically targeted, to surrounding human and non human resources, either military or nonmilitary, caused by the spillover of weapons effect (as opposed to the damage caused by aiming errors). Combat Vehicle - Armored or unarmored vehicles designed to perform a specific role or variety of roles within combat, such as a main battle tank or infantry fighting vehicles. See Armored Fighting Vehicle, Infantry Fighting Vehicle, Tank. Combustible - A term used to classify certain liquids that will burn on the basis of flash points. Both the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and the Department of Transportation (DOT) define "combustible liquids" as having a flash point of 100°F (37.8°C) or higher. Importance - Combustible liquid vapors do not ignite as easily as flammable liquids; however, combustible vapors can be ignited when heated and must be handled with caution. Class II liquids have flash points at or above 100°F, but below 140°F. Class III liquids are subdivided into two subclasses. Class IIIA - Those having flash points at or above 140°F but below 200°F. Class IIIB - Those having flash points at or above 200°F. Command - The act of directing and/or controlling resources by virtue of explicit legal, agency, or delegated authority. May also refer to the Incident Commander. Command Post (CP) - A unit's, or subunit's, headquarters where the commander and his staff operate. A Command Post consists of those coordinating and special staff activities and representatives from supporting Army elements and other services that may be necessary to carry out operations. Commercial Explosives - Explosives designed, produced, and used for commercial or industrial applications, rather than for military purposes. See Explosives. Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) - Commercial-Off-The-Shelf products primarily used for blast mitigation. COTS equipment is available direct from the manufacturer and requires no further development prior to introduction into service apart from minor modifications. See Blast Mitigation Action Group, TSWG. Communications Equipment - Equipment used by forces to communicate among themselves, with external agencies, and to pass data among elements of electronic security systems. See Agency. Complex 21 - Designation for the Nuclear Weapon Complex when current plans for reorganization are realized, expected to occur around the turn of the century. Compromise - A security violation resulting in confirmed or suspected exposure of classified information or material to an unauthorized person. CONEX Containers - Containers designed to withstand structural loadings associated with shipping, including Container Express. CONPLAN (U. S. Government Interagency Domestic Terrorism Concept of Operations Plan) - CONPLAN is designed to provide overall guidance to Federal, State and local agencies concerning how the Federal government would respond to a potential or actual terrorist threat or incident that occurs in the United States, particularly one involving WMD. The CONPLAN outlines an organized and unified capability for a timely, coordinated response by Federal agencies to a terrorist threat or act. It establishes conceptual guidance for assessing and monitoring a developing threat, notifying appropriate Federal, State, and local agencies of the nature of the threat, and deploying the requisite advisory and technical resources to assist the Lead Federal Agency (LFA) in facilitating interagency/interdepartmental coordination of a crisis and consequence management response. Lastly, it defines the relationships between structures under which the Federal government will marshal crisis and consequence management resources to respond to a threatened or actual terrorist incident. See FEMA, Terrorist, WMD. Consequence Management - An emergency management function that includes measures to protect public health and safety, restore essential government services, and provide emergency relief to governments in the event of terrorism. Consequence management responses are managed by FEMA and use protocols established under the Federal Response Plan (FRP). Consequence management efforts can also include support missions as described in other Federal operations plans, such as predictive modeling, protective action recommendations, and mass decontamination. See FEMA. Contact Charge - An explosive charge placed in direct contact with the material to be destroyed. Contact charges require much heavier charges than shaped charges or fracturing charges and the explosive performance can be increased and charge weight reduced by a number of techniques including more careful charge placement, confinement, and tamping. See Shaped Charge, Tamped Charge. Container Accommodation (module) - A hard-walled prefabricated building, modular and based on 20' ISO container configuration. The base and roof of these units are completely pre-built, and walls are knocked-down and are packed between the roof and floors of each unit; several such modules can be interconnected. Container Structures - Structures built using shipping containers that are designed to withstand structural loadings associated with shipping, including Container Express (CONEX) and International Organization or Standardization (ISO) containers. Testing has shown that these structures behave similarly to building for the purpose of these standards. Contingency Plan - An emergency plan developed in expectation of a disaster. Contingency plans are often based on risk assessments, the availability of human and material resources, community preparedness, and local and international response capabilities. Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) - A COOP provides guidance on the system restoration for emergencies, disasters, mobilization, and for maintaining a state of readiness to provide the necessary level of information processing support commensurate with the mission requirements/priorities identified by the respective functional proponent. This term is traditionally used by the Federal Government and its supporting agencies to describe activities otherwise known as Disaster Recovery, Business Continuity, Business Resumption, or Contingency Planning. Control Point - A position along a route of march at which men are stationed to give information and instructions for the regulation of supply or traffic. Controlled Area - An area into which access is controlled or limited. It is that portion of a restricted area usually near or surrounding a limited or exclusion area. This is associated with the exclusion zone. Controlled Lighting - Lighting illumination of specific areas or sections. Controlled Perimeter - A physical boundary at which vehicle access is controlled at the perimeter of an installation, an area within an installation, or another are with restricted access. A physical boundary will be considered as a sufficient means to channel vehicles to the access control points. At a minimum, access control at a controlled perimeter requires the demonstrated capability to search for and detect explosives. Where the controlled perimeter includes a shoreline and there is not defined perimeter beyond the shoreline, the boundary will be at the mean high water mark. See Access Control, Perimeter, Perimeter Defense. Conventional Construction - Building construction that is not specifically designed to resist weapons or explosives effects. Cook off - Term used to describe blasting caps being detonated because of exposure to extreme heat. Coordinate - A systematic exchange of information among principal participants in order to carry out a unified response in the event of an emergency. Coordination Center - Any facility that is used for the coordination, agency, or jurisdictional resources in support of one or more incidents. Corrugated Metal Revetment - A military barricade designed to provide shelter or protection for humans and critical infrastructure assets against low angle high velocity fragments, shrapnel, and improvised explosive devices while offering protection as an anti-ram vehicle barrier. A corrugated metal revetment is made from some type of roll formed metal, typically heavy-gauge steel, 14-gauge or 16-gauge. The corrugated metal revetment is also referred to as a bin revetment as is normally filled with sand or dirt. See A-1 Revetment, Anti-Ram Vehicle Barrier, ARMCO Steel Bin Revetments, B-1 Revetment, Blast Mitigation, Blast Wall, Earth-filled, Steel Bin-Type Barricades, K12, Metalith. Corrugated Steel Panels - Steel panels, formed or ribbed into a consistent, symmetrical profile to increase that material's strength to weight ratio up to 30% over the conventional material commonly used in revetment construction. See A-1 Revetment, B-1 Revetment, Corrugated Metal Revetment, Revetments. Counterintelligence - Information gathered and activities conducted to protect against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted for or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations, or persons; or international terrorist activities, excluding personnel, physical, document, and communications security programs. Counterterrorism - Measures used to prevent preempt, or retaliate against terrorist attacks. See Terrorism. Courses - Completed and assembled 2' metal sections of an A-1 or B-1 revetment. One layer of a revetment construction. Multiple courses complete a revetment wall or barrier. See A-1 Revetment, B-1 Revetment, Revetment. Covert Entry - Attempts to enter a facility by using false credentials or stealth. Covert Threat - A terrorist act conducted through the use of concealment, disguise or deception such as the use of false credentials or penetration of a barrier without detection or evidence of entry. See Terrorist, Terrorist Group. Crash Gates - Steel rods, or pickets, that slide across a roadway on a track. Cratering Charge - A charged composed of a calculated amount of explosives placed to create a crater. Critical Assets - Those assets essential to the minimum operations of the organization, and to ensure the health and safety of the general public. Critical Detection Point (CDP) - Any position inside a secured facility where, if an adversary is detected, there is enough time remaining for the response force to interrupt the adversary. Critical Infrastructure - A foundation of services that citizens and businesses rely on for their social or economic well-being. Telecommunications, transportation, energy and banking services are part of the critical infrastructure, which is often privately owned but which citizens expect the government to protect. See Infrastructure. Critical National Infrastructure - Those public, private, governmental and military assets, services or systems that support the economic, political and social life of a country whose importance is such that any loss or compromise would have life-threatening, serious economic or other grave social consequences for the community, or would be of immediate concern to a government. See Assets, Critical Infrastructure. Critical Threat Locations - Locations or facilities thought to be critical targets such as airports, nuclear facilities, oil and gas pipelines and terminals, embassies and consulates, military facilities, non-air transportation hubs, hydroelectric and coal burning power plants, chemical plants, etc. Criticality - Pertaining to a critical mass (the least amount) of fissionable material that can achieve self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions.
Damage Assessment - The process used to appraise or determine the number of injuries and deaths, damage to public and private property, and the status of key facilities and services such as hospitals and other health care facilities, fire and police stations, communications networks, water and sanitation systems, utilities, and transportation networks resulting from a man-made or natural disaster (FEMA definition). See Infrastructure. Dangerous Weapon - An instrument dangerous to life. An instrument the use of which a fatal wound may probably or possibly be given. Day Zone - A feature of an intrusion detection system that uninterruptedly monitors a highly sensitive area even when the system is disarmed. Day/Night Switch - A means to turn a detection system on and off, usually with a key or keypad. Dead Time Delay - The interval between a stimulus and a response. Dead Zone - A zone that lies outside the sensing capability of sensors within a protected area. A dead zone may result from defective or improperly adjusted sensors or from interference, such as blocking objects or structures. Deadly Force - A degree of force likely to cause death or serious bodily harm; any force involving a deadly weapon or a physical attack likely to inflict death or grievous bodily harm. Deadly Weapon - An instrument designed to inflict serious bodily injury or death, or capable of being used for such a purpose. The key element in the definition of a deadly or dangerous weapon is the presence or absence of an instrument which, if used by the offender, would greatly increase the likelihood that serious injury or death would result. Death - The cessation of life; the ceasing to exist; defined by physicians as a total stoppage of the circulation of the blood, and a cessation of the animal and vital functions consequent thereto, such as respiration and pulsation. Declassification - A determination that classified information no longer requires protection against unauthorized disclosure, together with a removal or cancellation of the classification designation. Declassification Event - An event that eliminates the need for continued classification of information. Dedicated Vehicle - A patrol vehicle equipped with two-way radio communication that is used exclusively to provide quick responses to intrusions or alarms. See Command Post. Defense Layer - Building design or exterior perimeter barriers intended to delay attempted forced entry. Defensive Fighting Position (DFP) - An area prepared by soldiers to offer protection from incoming fire. Defensive fighting positions (DFPs) are more commonly referred to in U.S. military slang as foxholes. A foxhole generally refers to those that are large enough to accommodate a soldier's entire body and equipment. Foxholes can be as simple as a literal hole dug into the ground to elaborate structures that can house several troops along with machine guns such as the M-60, or mortars. See Hasty Fighting Position. Defensive Measures - Protective measures which delay or prevent attack on an asset or which shield the asset from weapons, explosives, and CBR effects. Defensive measures include site work and building design. Defilade - Protection for troops or vehicles from enemy observation and fire provided by natural or artificial obstacles. See A-1 Revetment, B-1 Revetment, Revetment, Sandbag. Deflagration - The chemical reaction of a substance in which the reaction front advances into the unreacted substance at less than sonic velocity. Where a blast wave is produced that has the potential to cause damage, the term explosive deflagration may be used. See Blast Wave, Diffused Explosion, Shock Wave. Delay Barrier - A critical element of the NRC and DOE facility security plans. A delay barrier, of any type, attempts to add time to the total time it takes a saboteur, terrorist, or other aggressor to be stopped or slowed down before and interdiction force can arrive. Common delay barriers include fences of any type, jersey barriers, walls, barbed wire or concertina wire. Delay Equipment - Security equipment installed on or within a structure, and designed to delay unauthorized access to protected items within the structure. Demilitarization - The process of eliminating or reducing military weapons, materials, other hardware and organizational structures. Demolition Charge - A prepared explosive device used to breech defenses or to destroy buildings, bridges or other large objects. Denial Equipment - Security equipment installed on or within a structure, and designed to deny unauthorized access to protected items within the structure by incorporating incremental penalties to discourage in unauthorized intruder from pursing his objective. As the severity of the unauthorized act(s) increases, penalties may ultimately reach incapacitating or possibly lethal stages. Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board (DDESB) - The DDESB mission is to provide objective advice to the Secretary of Defense and Service Secretaries on matters concerning explosives safety and to prevent hazardous conditions to life and property on and off Department of Defense installations from the explosives and environmental effects of DoD titled munitions. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) - A new cabinet level department charged with strengthening the security and protecting the assets of the United States of America and its territories. The primary mission of this agency, which consolidates a large number of other governmental entities under the leadership of one Director, includes (1) preventing terrorist attacks within the United States, (2) reducing America's vulnerability to terrorism, and (3) minimizing the damage and recovery from attacks that do occur. Additionally, DHS is responsible for homeland security coordination with other executive branch agencies, state and local governments and the private sector. See Office of Homeland Security. Design Basis Threat (DBT) - The threat (aggressors, tactics, and associated weapons, tools, or explosives) against which assets within a building must be protected and upon which the security engineering design of the building is based. See Assets. Detection Measures - Protective measures which detect intruders, weapons, or explosives; assist in assessing the validity of detection; control access to protected areas; and communicate the appropriate information to the response force. Detection measures include detection system, assessment system, and access control system elements. Detection System Elements - Detection measures which detect the presence of intruders, weapons, or explosives. Detection system elements include intrusion detection systems, weapons and explosives detectors, and guards. Detection Taggants - A marker or taggant placed into an explosive material that has utility before a bomb explodes. See Marker, Taggants. Detection Taggants With Identification Capabilities - A marker or taggant placed into an explosive material that has both pre-blast and post-blast utility. See Marker, Taggants. Detectors - A device used to identify a potential terrorist threat, e.g., metal detectors, explosive detectors, X-ray machines, etc. Deterrence - The act, by use of a physical or operational security system, of delaying the occurrence of a threat. See Active Barriers, Barrier, A-1 Revetment, B-1 Revetment, Bollard, Passive Barriers. Detonation - A release of energy caused by the extremely rapid chemical reaction of a substance in which the reaction front advances into the unreacted substance at equal to or greater than sonic velocity. An explosive reaction that consists of the propagation of a shock wave through the explosive accompanied by a chemical reaction that furnishes energy to sustain the shock propagation in a stable manner, with gaseous formation and pressure expansion following shortly thereafter. See Blast Wave, Detonation Wave, Shock Wave. Detonation Pressure - The pressure created in the reaction zone of a detonating explosive. See Explosive, Explosive Device. Detonation Velocity - The rate at which the detonation wave travels through a column of explosives. See Explosive. Detonation Wave - A shock wave which passes through high explosives as a uniform front, from the point of ignition, breaking the chemical bindings at molecular level. (>3000m/s). See Blast Wave, Shock Wave. Detonators - Blasting caps, electric blasting caps, delay electric blasting caps, and non-electric delay blasting caps. See Blasting Caps. Diffused Explosion - An explosion characterized by a slow expansion over a relatively wide area into a combustion known as deflagration. Most explosives causing this type of explosion have a pushing rather than a shattering effect, and a twisting and tearing type of deformation results. See Deflagration. Diffusion - A technique for uranium enrichment in which the lighter U235 isotopes in UF6 gas move through a porous barrier more rapidly than the heavier U238 isotopes. Direction of initiation - The direction in which the shock wave travels through the explosive, may be parallel to the surface of the target or perpendicular to the target; determines the rate of energy transmitted to the target. See blast wave, shock wave. Disassembly - Process of taking apart a nuclear warhead and removing the subassemblies, components, and individual parts. Disaster - The ultimate emergency -- one that exceeds the available resources to deal with it, and which involves multiple jurisdictions, triage and casualty distribution, access restriction, ambiguity of authority and responsibility, and an inability to use routine response procedures and resources. World Health Organization: an occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community area. Federal Emergency Management Agency: An occurrence of a natural catastrophe, technological accident, or human-caused event that has resulted in severe property damage, deaths, and/or multiple injuries. As used in this FEMA guide, a "large-scale disaster" is one that exceeds the response capability of the local jurisdiction and requires State, and potentially Federal, involvement. As used in the Stafford Act, a "major disaster" is "any natural catastrophe ... or, regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion, in any part of the United States, which in the determination of the President causes damage of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant major disaster assistance under the Act to supplement the efforts and available resources or States, local governments, and disaster relief organizations in alleviating the damage, loss, hardship, or suffering caused thereby." See Emergency, Agency, Manmade Disaster, Natural Disaster. Disaster Drill - A simulation of a disaster to assess and improve the effectiveness of a health care organization's or system's disaster preparedness plan. See Disaster Preparedness Plan. Disaster Preparedness Plan - A formal written plan of action for coordinating the response of a hospital's staff in the event of a disaster within the hospital or the community. See Disaster Drill. Disaster Recovery - Is the activity that takes place during and after a catastrophic event to minimize business interruption and return the organization as quickly as possible to a state of normalcy that existed prior to the event. See Disaster Drill, Disaster Preparedness Plan. Disaster Vulnerability - A measure of the ability of a community to absorb the effects of a severe disaster and to recover. Vulnerability varies with each disaster, depending on the disaster's impact on the affected population or group. See Disaster. Disaster-Prone - The level of risk that is related to the hazard or the immediate cause of a disaster. Disaster-proneness is determined by analyzing the history of past events as well as new conditions that may increase the risk of a disaster taking place. See Disaster. Dispatch Operations - The control of mobile patrol units, typically by the use of a radio system. DMNB - 2,3-Dimethyl - 2,3-dinitrobutane. One of four high-vapor pressure chemicals approved by the U.N. Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to be added to plastic explosives as a detection marker. See Plastic Explosives, C4, Marker, Taggants. DoD 6055.9-STD - DoD Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards that establishes a central source for explosive safety criteria, identifying hazards and promulgates safety precautions and rules when working with explosives. It is published by the Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board (DDESB). See Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board (DDESB). DoD Building - Any building or portion of a building (permanent, temporary, or expeditionary) owned, leased, privatized, or otherwise occupied, managed, or controlled by or for DoD. DoD buildings are categorized within these standards as uninhabited, inhabited, primary gathering and billeting. DoD Components - The Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD); the Military Departments (including their National Guard and Reserve Components); the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff and Joint Staff; the Combatant Commands; the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense; the Defense Agencies; the DoD Field Activities; and all other organizational entities within DoD. DoD Directive 6055.9 Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards - As a summary statement, DDESB 6055.9 outlines the "minimum explosives safety criteria for the design, maintenance, testing, and inspection of lightning protection systems." Lightning protection system design elements include: Air Terminals; Down conductors; Side flash protection; Surge protection for incoming conductors; and, Earth electrode system. Inspection, testing and training also are described. http://www.ddesb.pentagon.mil/DoD6055.9-STD%205%20Oct%202004.pdf DoD Explosives Safety Board (DDESB) - DoD organization charged with promulgating explosives safety policy and standards, and with reporting on the effectiveness of the implementation of such policy and standards. DoD Personnel - Any U.S. military, DoD civilian, or family member thereof, host-nation employees working for DoD, or contractors occupying DoD buildings. See DoD Building, DoD Components. Domestic Terrorism - The unlawful use, or threatened use, of force or violence by a group or individual based and operating entirely within the United States or Puerto Rico without foreign direction committed against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives. DoS Building - A building that falls under the authority of the Department of State. DoS Personnel - Any personnel working for the Department of State including ambassadorial and embassy personnel. Drop - The annunciation of an alarm by some type of mechanical or illuminated signal, such as a metal flag dropping into view behind a small window to indicate an alarm condition. Drop Arm Barriers - Similar looking to a normal parking lot drop arm, with crash or cable beams rising to allow vehicles to enter, but stopping an unauthorized vehicle when in the lowered position. Dry Firing - Safety-oriented firearms teaching technique in which learners practice the basics of shooting without using live ammunition. The technique helps learners develop psychomotor skills relating to sight alignment, breath control, trigger squeeze, and similar fundamentals before they are permitted to engage in live firing. Dual Alarm System - A system that sounds a coded alarm signal for a fixed number of rounds at selected locations, and at the same time a constant and continuous alarm signal at all other locations until the system is restored to normal. The coded signal identifies the particular alarm-initiating device in operation. A dual alarm system facilitates evacuation of a building by announcing a fire alarm generally in all parts of the building and by simultaneously notifying response personnel so that evacuation and fire fighting can be started without delay at the fire-affected area. Dual Rate Alarm Signal - An audible signal that begins with a slowly pulsed annunciation. When a pre-determined length of time has been reached or when a manually operated switch has been activated, the audible signal changes to a rapidly pulsed annunciation. The slow-pulse signal alerts emergency response personnel. The fast-pulse signal informs occupants to evacuate. Dual Technology Motion Detector - A sensor that utilizes two technologies, such as microwave and infrared, in a logical combination to reduce false alarms. See Infrared, Microwave Sensor. Ductile Materials - Materials that are malleable and will absorb impact loads without breaking. Dud - An explosive device which has undergone a complete arming and firing cycle but has failed to explode. It should be noted that this is a very dangerous situation. See Explosive. Duress Alarm - An alarm system is designed to inform security personnel of a potential threat to the user. Can be installed at a set location or have signaling capability to precisely locate the user. Dust initiator charge - A dust initiator charge uses small quantities of explosives combined with large amounts of powdered materials to destroy thin-walled wooden buildings or rail cars. At detonation, the dust or cover is distributed in the air and ignited by an explosive incendiary charge. Dynamite - An explosive compound usually produced in stick form. The explosive charge is surrounded by sawdust entirely wrapped in wax-coated paper. As some dynamite ages it exudes nitroglycerin beads or crystals and, in this condition, is highly dangerous to handle. See Explosion.
Earth-filled, Steel Bin-Type Barricades - These barricades, that have also been known as ARMCO revetments, are earth-filled, steel bins that have been used to separate munitions awaiting scheduled processing; for example, munitions on flight lines associated with aircraft parking/loading operations, or the temporary positioning of munitions awaiting transfer to preferred, long-term storage. These barricades are also used to separate uploaded aircraft and have helped to prevent sympathetic detonation. See ARMCO Steel Bin Revetments, Corrugated Metal Revetment, Metalith. Earthwork - A military construction formed chiefly of earth, used in both defensive and offensive operations. See Berm. Ecoterrorism - Sabotage intended to hinder activities that are considered damaging to the environment. See Terrorism. Effective Standoff Distance - A standoff distance at which the required level of protection can be shown to be achieved through analysis or can be achieved through building hardening or other mitigating construction or retrofit. Electret Cable Weather - Resistant cable with microphonic properties. It is used as a component of sound discriminating sensor systems such as those installed on fences, gates, or other Perimeter Barriers. Electric Field Sensor - A perimeter-type sensor that responds to a disturbance of the electrical field surrounding it. See Perimeter, Perimeter Security. Electric Match - A metal wire coated with a pyrotechnic mixture designed to produce a small burst of flame designed to initiate a low explosive. See Low Order Explosive. Electric Squib - A metal wire surrounded by a pyrotechnic mixture and encased within a metal tube that produces a small jet of flame designed to initiate a low explosive. See Low Order Explosive. Electro-explosive Device (EED) - An explosive or pyrotechnic component initiated by the application of electricity. Electron Capture Detector - A device that captures and analyzes vapors associated with suspected explosives. See Explosive. Electronic Access Control (EAC) - Electronic systems designed to limit access to controlled areas to users with authorization to enter. EAC requires input from the enrollees, input from a reader to determine if the card or individual is authorized to enter based on the enrollee data an output to a device to allow entry and output to record the event. See Biometric Readers, Controlled Perimeter, Perimeter Defenses. Electronic Countermeasures - Defensive techniques designed to detect, prevent, or expose the use of electronic audio or visual surveillance devices. Electronic Security - Electronic devices such as closed circuit television (CCTV), microwave sensors systems, infrared sensors systems - both passive and active, taut wire fence sensor systems, fence disturbance sensor systems, capacitance sensor systems, and freestanding video motion detection are typical electronic security systems used to monitor internal and perimeter security. See Physical Security, Radio Frequency Motion Detection. Electronic Security Systems (ESS) - That part of physical security concerned with the safeguarding of personnel and property by use of electronic systems. These systems include, but are not limited to, intrusion detection systems (IDS), automated entry control systems (AECS), and video assessment systems. See Biometric Readers, Controlled Perimeter, Perimeter Defenses. Embassy Protection - Procedures or devices such as electronic or infrared security measures and bollards, walls, passive and active barriers and anti-ram vehicle barriers at gated entrances used to protect embassy personnel. Emergency - Any occasion or instance - such as a hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, fire, explosion, nuclear accident, or any other natural or man-made catastrophe--that warrants action to save lives and to protect property, public health, and safety (FEMA definition). A sudden occurrence demanding immediate action that may be due to epidemics, technological catastrophes, strife, or to natural or man-made causes (World Health Organization definition). See Disaster, FEMA, Natural Disaster, Manmade Disaster. Emergency Management - The efforts of the State and the political subdivisions to develop, plan, analyze, conduct, provide, implement and maintain programs for disaster mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery (IEMA definition). See Disaster, Emergency, FEMA, Natural Disaster, Manmade Disaster. Emergency Management Agency (EMA) - Also referred to as the Office of Emergency Preparedness (OEP). The EMA, under the authority of the governor's office, coordinates the efforts of the state's health department, housing and social service agencies, and public safety agencies (e.g., state police) during an emergency or disaster. The EMA also coordinates federal resources made available to the states such as the National Guard, the Centers for Disease Control (e.g., EIS officers), and the Public Health Service (e.g., Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry, ATSDR). See Emergency, Emergency Management, FEMA. Emergency Medical Disaster Plan (IDPH) - A plan to assist emergency medical services personnel and health care facilities in working together in a collaborative way and to provide support in situations where local resources are overwhelmed. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Services, including personnel, facilities, and equipment required to ensure proper medical care for the sick and injured from the time of injury to the time of final disposition, including medical disposition within a hospital, temporary medical facility, or special care facility, release from site, or declared dead. Further, emergency medical services specifically include those services immediately required to ensure proper medical care and specialized treatment for patients in a hospital and coordination of related hospital services (FEMA definition). See Emergency Medical Technician, Emergency Medical Technician-Paramedic, Emergency Medicine. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) - Services, including personnel, facilities, and equipment required to ensure proper medical care for the sick and injured from the time of injury to the time of final disposition, including medical disposition within a hospital, temporary medical facility, or special care facility, release from site, or declared dead. Further, emergency medical services specifically include those services immediately required to ensure proper medical care and specialized treatment for patients in a hospital and coordination of related hospital services (FEMA definition). Emergency Medical Services System (EMSS) - Act of 1973 A federal law that established funding and systematic requirements for emergency medical services systems including sufficient trained manpower to ensure the availability of care at all times; regional training programs for all levels of personnel; emergency medical communications systems; specialized facilities; transportation; disaster plans, integration with public safety agencies; regional and interregional mutual assistance pacts; critical care units; patient transfer continuity; consumer participation; consumer education; standard medical records; care accessibility and availability; and ongoing review and evaluation. Federal funding for the EMSS program has been eliminated. Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) - An individual trained to render immediate basic life support to ill and injured individuals, under the direction of a physician, and to safely transport them in a monitored environment to health care facilities. Emergency Medical Technician-Paramedic (EMT-P) - An allied health professional that, working under the direction of a physician, administers advanced emergency medical services, principally in advanced life support units. See Emergency Medical Technician, Emergency Medicine. Emergency Medicine - The branch of medicine and medical specialty that deals with the recognition, stabilization, evaluation, treatment, and disposition of an undifferentiated population of patients with acute illness or injury. Emergency care is episodic and handles a full spectrum of physical and behavioral conditions. Emergency Ordnance Disposal Equipment - Systems installed within areas in which ordnance items are protected designed to destroy the protected ordnance when a serious risk of loss of the ordnance to a hostile force manifest itself. Emergency Response Team (ERT) - An interagency team, consisting of the lead representative from each Federal department or agency assigned primary responsibility for an Emergency Response Function and key members of the Federal Coordinating Officer's staff, formed to assist the FCO in carrying out his/her coordination responsibilities. The Emergency Response Team may be expanded by the FCO to include designated representatives of other Federal departments and agencies as needed. The ERT usually consists of regional-level staff (FEMA definition). Emergency Response Team National (ERT-N) - An ERT that has been established and rostered for deployment to catastrophic disasters where the resources of the FEMA Region have been, or are expected to be, overwhelmed. Three ERT-Ns have been established. See Emergency Response Team (ERT), FEMA. Emergency Support Team (EST) - An interagency group operating from FEMA headquarters. The EST oversees the national-level response support effort under the FRP and coordinates activities with the ESF primary and support agencies in supporting Federal requirements in the field (FEMA definition). Enclave - A secured area within another secured area. Energetic Materials - Chemical compounds or mixtures of chemical compounds that are divided into three classes according to use: explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics. See Explosives, Propellant and Pyrotechnic. Enhance Passive Barriers for Hardening - Materials and equipment, which can impede or prevent unauthorized entry into a facility. The material is stationary in nature and requires no external activation to be effective. See Hardening. Entrance Delay Circuit - An alarm system feature that permits an authorized person entering or leaving protected premises a reasonable amount of time to disarm or arm the system before causing an alarm. Entry Control Point (ECP) - A location or facility used to control pedestrian or vehicular access to controlled or restricted areas. It is commonly found at the entrance to munitions storage areas and combat aircraft parking areas. If it is a permanent facility, it is sometimes also called a Gate House. See Access Control, Checkpoint (CP) or (CHP). Entry-Control Stations - Entry-control stations should be provided at main perimeter entrances where security personnel are present. Entry-control stations should be located as close as practical to the perimeter entrance to permit personnel inside the station to maintain constant surveillance over the entrance and its approaches. EOD Incident - The suspected or actual presence of explosive Ordnance constituting a hazard. Evacuation - Organized, phased, and supervised dispersal of people from dangerous or potentially dangerous areas (FEMA definition). See FEMA. Exclusion Area - An area around an asset which has controlled entry with highly restrictive access. See controlled area. Exclusive Zone - An area around an asset which has controlled entry with highly restrictive access. See Access Control, Checkpoint (CP) or (CHP). Expedient flame fougasse - Consists of a 55-gallon drum of thickened fuel, a kicker charge, a trip flare, and detonating cord. It is used in defensive and offensive operations for its incendiary, illuminating, and signaling effects. Expeditionary Structures - Those military structures intended to be inhabited for no more than 1 year after they are erected. This group of structures typically include tents, Small and Medium Shelter Systems, Expandable Shelter Containers (ESC), ISO and CONEX containers, and General Purpose (GP) Medium tents and GP Large tents, etc. Explosimeter - A device that detects and measures the presence of gas or vapor in an explosive atmosphere. See Explosive. Explosion - A violent bursting or expansion as the result of the release of energy that causes great pressure discontinuity, or blast wave. It may be caused by an explosive or by the sudden release of pressure, as in the disruption of a steam boiler. An explosive produces an explosion by virtue of its very rapid self-propagating transformation into more stable substances, accompanied by the liberation of heat and the formation of gas. Depending on the rate of energy release, an explosion can be categorized as a deflagration, a detonation, or pressure rupture. See Blast Wave, Deflagration, Detonation, Detonation Wave, Shock Wave. Explosion Limits - Refers to the range of pressure and temperature for which an explosive reaction at a fixed composition mixture is possible. The reaction is usually initiated by autocatalytic (sometimes called self-heating) reaction at those conditions, without any external ignition source. In practical terms, this means that the mixture needs to be sufficiently hot. Explosion and flammability limits are distinct. Flammability limits refer to the range of compositions, for fixed temperature and pressure, within which an explosive reaction is possible when an external ignition source is introduced. This can happen even when the mixture is cold. Explosion Proof - Used in referring to electrical equipment; specifically, to equipment enclosed in a case that can withstand an internal burning or explosion of elements inside the case, and can prevent ignition by spark, flash, or explosion of any outside gas or vapor surrounding the enclosure. See Explosive Mitigation. Explosion-Proof Device - Any device, such as a contact switch, enclosed in an explosion-proof housing to help prevent possible sparking in a potentially volatile environment. See Explosion, Explosive Mitigation. Explosive - Any chemical compound or chemical mixture that, under the influence of heat, pressure, friction, or shock, undergoes a sudden chemical change (decomposition) with the liberation of energy in the form of heat and light and accompanied by a large volume of gas. See Explosion, Explosive Detection Device, Explosive Mitigation. Explosive Breach - This method of breaching requires the use of an explosive composition such as C4 or TNT, or a manufactured shape charge directed against the target. See Ballistics Breach, Mechanical Breach. Explosive Compound - A single chemical compound capable of causing an explosion. See Explosion. Explosive Detection Device - A device designed to detect the presence of explosives through detection of either the physical property of explosives themselves or their constituent chemicals. See Explosives. Explosive Mitigation - Physical defensive measures taken to reduce the damaging effects of explosions from devices introduced by hostile parties. This term includes both exterior hardening (wall, etc.) and internal measures taken to improve the survival of the protected resources (e.g., using more stable chemicals in a protected process). See Explosion, Hardening, Mitigation. Explosive Mixture - A mixture of chemical compounds capable of causing an explosion. See Explosion. Explosive Ordnance - Munitions containing explosives, nuclear fission, or fusion materials, and biological and chemical agents. Included in the term are bombs and warheads, guided and ballistic missiles, artillery, mortars, rocket and small arms ammunition, mines, torpedoes and depth charges, pyrotechnics, cartridges and propellant-actuated devices, electro-explosive devices, clandestine and improvised explosive devices, and all similar or related items or components that are explosive in nature. See Explosives, Mines, Propellant. Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) - The detection, identification, field evaluation, rendering- safe, recovery and final disposal of unexploded explosive ordnance. It may also include the rendering - safe and/ or disposal of explosive ordnance that have become hazardous by damage or deterioration when the disposal of such explosive Ordnance is beyond the capabilities of personnel normally assigned the responsibility for routine disposal. See Explosive Ordnance Disposal Equipment. Explosive Ordnance Disposal Equipment - Equipment used by qualified explosive ordnance disposal personnel to destroy, neutralize or render-safe explosive ordnance including improvised explosive devices. See Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD). Explosive Range - The percentage of vapor or gas in air by volume that determines the upper and lower limits of explosivity or flammability. For example, the explosive range of propane is 2.2 to 9.5 percent. Any mixture of propane below 2.2 or above 9.5 percent will not ignite. The range below 2.2 is too lean and above 9.5 percent it is too rich. Explosive Sensitivity - The ease with which an explosive will react to heat, shock, or friction. Explosive Train - A series of combustible or explosive components arranged in order of decreasing sensitivity designed to initiate explosives. Explosives Detector - Any device that detects components of explosive devices or explosive compounds by radiographic analysis, by analyzing chemical emissions, or by other methods. See Explosion, Explosive, Explosive Detection Device. Explosives Disposal Container - A small container into which small quantities of explosives may be placed to contain their blast pressures and fragments if the explosive detonates. Explosives Examinations - Visual and microscopic analyses of bomb remains, commercial explosives, blasting accessories, military explosives, and ordnance items. Tool mark examinations of bomb components are also possible. Bomb remains are examined to identify bomb components, such as switches, batteries, blasting caps, tape, wire, and timing mechanisms. Also identified are fabrication techniques, unconsumed explosives, and overall construction of the bomb. See Blasting Caps, Bomb, Explosive, Ordnance. Explosives Taggants - Small granules added to commercial explosives during manufacture. The taggants provide investigative leads in criminal bombing cases. A typical taggant is smaller than a grain of sand and will have several layers of different colors. One layer might be sensitive to magnets to aid in retrieval from bomb debris, another layer might be sensitive to ultraviolet light to aid in visual detection at the crime scene, and other layers might contain codes that reveal the manufacturer, lot number, and other details useful in identifying the purchaser. See Identification Taggants, Taggants. Exposed Explosive - Explosives that are open to the atmosphere (such as unpackaged bulk explosives, or disassembled or open components) and those are susceptible to initiation directly by static or mechanical spark, or create (or accidentally create) explosive dust, or give off vapors, fumes, or gases in explosives concentrations. This also includes exudation and explosives exposed from damaged munitions such as gunpowder or rocket motors. Expulsion Grenade - A grenade that delivers a chemical agent to the target. Upon bursting, the expulsion grenade immediately releases a relatively small but highly concentrated agent cloud. The instantaneous release renders the grenade ineffective if it is thrown back. See Bursting Grenade, Grenade. Exterior Tactic - An attack on the exterior of a facility or an exposed asset at close range. The aggressor uses weapons such as rocks, clubs, improvised incendiary or explosive devices, and hand grenades in exterior attacks. The aggressor's goals are to damage the facility, injure or kill its occupants, or damage or destroy assets. See Assets.
Fabric Covered/Metal Frame Construction - A construction type that can be identified by a metal, load-bearing frame (usually aluminum) with some type of fabric (such as canvas) stretched or pulled over the frame. Examples of the types of structures that should be considered under this classification of structures include Frame-Supported Tensioned Fabric Structures (FSTFS); Tent, Extendable, Modular, Personnel (TEMPER Tents); and Small and Medium Shelter Systems (SSS and MSS); and air supported fabric structures. Testing has shown that for these fabric structures, the frame is what causes hazards. Facility - One or more buildings or structures that serve a particular purpose, are related by function and location, and form an operating entity. Government installations are not usually included in this definition. Family Housing - DoD buildings used as quarters for DoD personnel and their dependents. See DoD Buildings, DoD Personnel. FAST Company - Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Team. An elite unit of the USMC that specializes in CQB methods and anti-terrorist tactics. See CQB. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) - Currently an independent agency reporting to the President and tasked with responding to, planning for, recovering from and mitigating against disaster. In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed Joe M. Allbaugh as the director of FEMA. Within months, the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11th focused the agency on issues of national preparedness and homeland security, and tested the agency in unprecedented ways. The agency coordinated its activities with the newly formed Office of Homeland Security, and FEMA's Office of National Preparedness was given responsibility for helping to ensure that the nation's first responders were trained and equipped to deal with weapons of mass destruction. Billions of dollars of new funding were directed to FEMA to help communities face the threat of terrorism. Just a few years past its 20th anniversary, FEMA was actively directing its "all-hazards" approach to disasters toward homeland security issues. Today, FEMA - a 2,500-person agency supplemented by more than 5,000 stand-by disaster reservists - has a mission to lead America to prepare for, prevent, respond to and recover from disasters with a vision of "A Nation Prepared." At no time in its history has this vision been more important to the country than in the aftermath of Sept. 11th. See Emergency, Disaster. Fence Protection - An intrusion detection technology that detects a person crossing a fence by various methods such as climbing, crawling, cutting, etc. Fence Sensors - Exterior intrusion detection sensors which detect aggressors as they attempt to climb over, cut through, or otherwise disturb a fence. Fencing - A structure functioning as a boundary or barrier. See Perimeter Security, Perimeter Defenses. Fertilizer - A substance used to make soil more fertile, such as ammonium nitrate. Fertilizer Bomb - Explosive device made using common fertilizer such as ammonium nitrate. See ANFO, Ammonium Nitrate-Fuel Oil. Field Artillery - Equipment, supplies, ammunition and personnel involved in the use of cannon, rocket or surface-to-surface missile launchers, and mobile enough to accompany and support infantry, mechanized, armored, airborne and airmobile units in the field. Field Assessment Team - A small team of pre-identified technical experts who conduct an assessment of response needs (not a PDA) immediately following a disaster. The experts are drawn from FEMA, other agencies and organizations--such as the U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the American Red Cross--and the affected State(s). All FAST operations are joint Federal/State efforts. See FEMA. Field Defense Stores - Defense stores include: concertina wire, barbed wire, fence posts, sandbags, observation towers, gabions, T-walls, corrugated metal, timber, gates and chain link fences and barriers. See Barriers, Corrugated Steel Panels, Gabions, Revetments, Sandbags. Field Disturbance Sensor - A sensor that triggers an alarm upon detection of change in a radiated or ambient energy field. These sensors are generally used in perimeter security applications. See Perimeter, Perimeter Defenses, Physical Security Sensor (Perimeter). Field Expandable - A term describing equipment that can be readily expanded or modified at the point of installation rather than at the place of manufacture. See Hesco Bastions. Fill Material - Material used to fill sandbags and revetments. Dry sand is always a good choice for fill material. Large aggregate, rubble, and clay balls are not recommended for fill. Aggregate and rubble can become a projectile themselves. Large rock intensifies the force of an explosion and can cause severe damage to the inside of the revetment wall. See A-1 Revetment, B-1 Revetment, Revetment, and Sandbag. Fire Bomb - An incendiary device, typically homemade, which when thrown will produce fire upon impact. A fire bomb usually consists of gasoline and a wick in a glass container. The wick is ignited, and the bomb is thrown. When the glass container breaks, a flash explosion occurs. See Bomb. Fireball - The atmospheric burning of a fuel-air in which the energy is mostly emitted in the form of radiant heat. The inner core of the fuel release consists of almost pure fuel whereas the outer layer in which ignition first occurs is a flammable fuel-air mixture. As buoyancy forces of the hot gases begin to dominate, the burning cloud rises and becomes more spherical in shape. Firing Chain - A chain of four elements necessary to produce an explosion. The four elements are: firing device, primary explosive, booster explosive, and main charge. See Explosive, Firing Device. Firing Device - An item that starts the basic firing chain typical of most explosions. A match, firing pin, and safety fuse are types of firing devices. See Explosive, Firing Chain. Firing Pin - That part of a firearm or a fuse which, on being actuated, strikes the primer or detonator. The firing pin leaves a distinctive mark on the head of a fired shell which can be of help in matching a shell with the weapon that fired it. See Detonator, Fuse. First Responder - Local police, fire, and emergency medical personnel who arrive first on the scene of an incident and take action to save lives, protect property, and meet basic human needs. This term has increasingly been broadened in recent years to include bystanders who perform search and rescue, transportation, and communication during the incident. See Emergency Medical Technician, Emergency Medical Technician-Paramedic, Emergency Medicine. Fixed Bollards - Permanently placed small barriers that provide cost-effective ways to protect large areas. They serve the same purpose as concrete planters, for example, protecting the perimeter at airports. Flood - A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from overflow of inland or tidal waters, unusual or rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters, or mudslides/mudflows caused by accumulation of water (FEMA definition). See Disaster, FEMA, Natural Disaster. Floor Sensor - A sensor installed under, in, or upon a floor and designed to trigger an alarm when an intruder moves across the floor. Typically, a floor sensor operates on a weight or pressure principle. Flyrock - Rock that is propelled through air from a blast or explosion. See Blast, Explosion. Footprint - An impression left on a surface by footwear or the dimensions of a wall, revetment, or building. See Revetment. Force Protection (FP) - Security program developed to protect service members, civilian employees, family members, facilities and equipment, in all locations and situations, through the planned and integrated application of combating terrorism, physical security, operations security, personal protective services supported by intelligence, counterintelligence, and other security programs. See Terrorism. Force Protection Condition (FPCON) - A Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff-approved program standardizes the military services' identification of and recommended responses to terrorist threats against U.S. personnel and facilities. Forced Entry - Entry to a denied area achieved through force to create an opening in fence, walls, doors, or other physical structures or to overpower guards. Forward area - (DOD) An area in proximity to combat. Forward Operating Base (FOB) - (DOD) An airfield used to support tactical operations without establishing full support facilities. The base may be used for an extended time period. Support by a main operating base will be required to provide backup support for a forward operating base. Also referred to by its acronym - FOB. Forward Operations Base - (DOD) In special operations, a base usually located in friendly territory or afloat that is established to extend command and control or communications or to provide support for training and tactical operations. Facilities may be established for temporary or longer duration operations and may include an airfield or an unimproved airstrip, an anchorage, or a pier. A forward operations base may be the location of special operations component headquarters or a smaller unit that is controlled and/or supported by a main operations base. See also Advanced Operations Base. FPCON ALPHA - This condition applies when there is a general threat of possible terrorist activity against personnel and facilities, the nature and extent of which are unpredictable, and circumstances do not justify full implementation of FPCON BRAVO measures. However, it may be necessary to implement certain measures from higher THREATCONS resulting from intelligence received or as a deterrent. The measures in this THREATCON must be capable of being maintained indefinitely. FPCON BRAVO - This condition applies when an increased and more predictable threat of terrorist activity exists. The measures in this THREATCON must be capable of being maintained for weeks without causing undue hardship, affecting operational capability, and aggravating relations with local authorities. FPCON CHARLIE - This condition applies when an incident occurs or intelligence is received indicating some form of terrorist action against personnel and facilities is imminent. Implementation of measures in this THREATCON for more than a short period probably will create hardship and affect the peacetime activities of the unit and its personnel. FPCON DELTA - This condition applies in the immediate area where a terrorist attack has occurred or when intelligence has been received that terrorist action against a specific location or person is likely. Normally, this THREATCON is declared as a localized condition. Fragment Retention Film (FRF) - Optically clear, tough film attached to the inside of a glass surface with a strong, pressure-sensitive adhesive. Films are composed of polyester polyethylene terephthalate, or composite materials. To be considered a FRF the film must be at least a 7-mil thickness. Fragmentation - One of main effects of an exploding bomb or shell, the casing shatters and metal fragments fly in all directions. The extent to which rock, blast mitigation barrier, equipment, or infrastructure is broken by blasting. Term applied to military munitions indicating that it is primarily intended to produce a fragmentation effect. Also, the breaking up of the confining material of a chemical compound or mechanical mixture when an explosion occurs. Fragments may be complete items, subassemblies, or pieces thereof, or pieces of equipment or buildings containing the items. See Fragmentation Zone, Fragmentation Velocity, Secondary Fragmentation. Fragmentation Velocity - The velocity of metal, glass, or other fragments created and accelerated by an explosion. The fragmentation velocity decreases with the distance from the detonation point. When there is enough distance from the blast that no fragments can penetrate bare human skin, the safe fragmentation distance has been reached. See Fragmentation, Fragmentation Zone. Fragmentation Zone - The area covered by that fragmentation will travel from the point of detonation. There are several factors which require to be reviewed when determining this zone; the amount of explosive, body construction, type of material, ground conditions etc. See Fragmentation, Secondary Fragmentation. Frangible Construction - Building components which are designed to fail to vent blast pressures from an enclosure in a controlled manner and direction. Fuse - A fiber wrapped cord of black powder used to initiate blasting caps or low explosives. See Black Gunpowder, Blasting Caps, Low Order Explosion. Fuzee Flare - A burning flare p |